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REVIEW PAPER
Artificial Intelligence Policies for Higher Education: Manifesto for Critical Considerations and a Roadmap
by
Christian M. Stracke 1 
Nurun Nahar 2
Veronica Punzo 3
Stefania Massaro 4
Dimitra Pappa 5
Annamaria Di Grassi 6
, Senad Bećirović 7
Paul Hollins 8
Xenia Ziouvelou 9
Marjana Prifti Skenduli 10
Daniel Burgos 11
1 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
2 University of Greater Manchester, Bolton, UK
3 Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
4 Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
5 National Centre For Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
6 Università degli studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
7 University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, Baden, Austria
8 University of Greater Manchester, Bolton, UK
9 National Centre For Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
10 University of New York, Tirana, Albania
11 Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), La Rioja, Spain
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) technology and educational policy in higher education, highlighting key research and implementation. The paper focuses on critical considerations for AI policy development with a view to producing a roadmap focused on contextual higher education AI policies. The rapid development of AI presents both significant opportunities and challenges for higher education institutions in Europe and globally. As AI technologies become ubiquitous, integrated into teaching, learning, and administrative functions, it is essential to identify critical considerations at the core of the AI integration process, namely: (1) regulatory framework, (2) stakeholder-specific guidelines, (3) AIED research, and (4) AI literacy. As a starting point, the paper presents a review of existing AI policy frameworks within higher education, drawing on recent empirical research, identifying four design and implementation priorities for higher education stakeholders aiming to create responsible AI governance frameworks. As a result, we propose a roadmap designed to be used as strategic planning instrument for higher education stakeholders developing AI policies and guidance. In proposing a strategic roadmap for AI policy development, the work offers valuable insight into how higher education can effectively leverage the potential of AI whilst ensuring ethical considerations, equity, and maintaining academic integrity. Additionally, the paper contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding AI’s role in higher education in proposing research pathways that will benefit all stakeholders involved in the academic ecosystem.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED), AI policy development, higher education, framework for strategic planning, design and implementation roadmap
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Stracke et al. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Policies for Higher Education: Manifesto for Critical Considerations and a Roadmap, MAP Education and Humanities, 6, 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2025.6.61