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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
AI Literacy Among University Students: A Multidimensional Analysis of Gender, Age, and Educational-Level Differences
by
Senad Bećirović 1 
, Jennifer Beck-Saiz 2
1 University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, Baden, Austria
2 University College of Teacher Education Lower Austria, Baden, Austria
ABSTRACT
AI literacy has become an essential competence in higher education, encompassing distinct technical, practical, critical, and ethical dimensions. This study aimed to examine whether students’ AI literacy, as well as its dimensions, namely AI technical understanding, AI practical application, AI critical appraisal, and AI ethics, differed according to gender, age, and educational level. An online survey was conducted across five Austrian higher education institutions to collect data from 245 students. The results showed a moderate overall level of AI literacy. AI critical appraisal showed the highest mean score, whereas AI technical understanding was markedly lower than the practical, critical, and ethical dimensions. All four dimensions were positively and significantly correlated, with the strongest association between AI critical appraisal and AI practical application. Male students scored significantly higher on overall AI literacy and on AI technical understanding, AI critical appraisal, and AI practical application than female students, while no gender difference was found for AI ethics. No statistically significant differences emerged across age groups. Educational-level differences were identified for overall AI literacy, AI technical understanding, and AI critical appraisal, with master’s-level students demonstrating the highest scores; no differences were found for AI practical application or AI ethics. Theoretically, the findings support a multidimensional conceptualization of AI literacy, showing that demographic differences are not homogeneous across individual dimensions and may be masked when AI literacy is treated only as an overall construct. Practically, they emphasize the necessity of dimension-specific, inclusive AI literacy initiatives, which greatly enhance technical understanding and critical appraisal, and embed ethical competence across student groups.
Keywords: -
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Bećirović S., Beck-Saiz J. (2026). AI Literacy Among University Students: A Multidimensional Analysis of Gender, Age, and Educational-Level Differences, MAP Education and Humanities, 7, 47-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2026.7.47